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<header id="title-block-header">
<h1 class="title">Calculating SHA1 hashes with digest() and sha1()</h1>
<p class="author">Thierry Onkelinx and Dirk Eddelbuettel</p>
<p class="date">Written Jan 2016, updated Jan 2018 and Oct 2020</p>
</header>
<!--
%\VignetteIndexEntry{sha1() versus digest()}
%\VignetteEngine{simplermarkdown::mdweave_to_html}
%\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
-->
<p>NB: This vignette is (still) work-in-progress and not yet
complete.</p>
<h2 id="short-intro-on-hashes">Short intro on hashes</h2>
<p>TBD</p>
<h2 id="difference-between-digest-and-sha1">Difference between
<code>digest()</code> and <code>sha1()</code></h2>
<p>R <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#Why-doesn_0027t-R-think-these-numbers-are-equal_003f">FAQ
7.31</a> illustrates potential problems with floating point arithmetic.
Mathematically the equality <span class="math inline">$x =
\sqrt{x}^2$</span> should hold. But the precision of floating points
numbers is finite. Hence some rounding is done, leading to numbers which
are no longer identical.</p>
<p>An illustration:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="faq7_31"><pre class="sourceCode R"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="faq7_31-1"><a href="#faq7_31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># FAQ 7.31</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31-2"><a href="#faq7_31-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> a0 <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="dv">2</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31-3"><a href="#faq7_31-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> b <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">sqrt</span>(a0)</span>
<span id="faq7_31-4"><a href="#faq7_31-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> a1 <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> b <span class="sc">^</span> <span class="dv">2</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31-5"><a href="#faq7_31-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">identical</span>(a0, a1)</span>
<span id="faq7_31-6"><a href="#faq7_31-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="cn">FALSE</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31-7"><a href="#faq7_31-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> a0 <span class="sc">-</span> a1</span>
<span id="faq7_31-8"><a href="#faq7_31-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">4.440892e-16</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31-9"><a href="#faq7_31-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> a <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(a0, a1)</span>
<span id="faq7_31-10"><a href="#faq7_31-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># hexadecimal representation</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31-11"><a href="#faq7_31-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sprintf</span>(<span class="st">&quot;%a&quot;</span>, a)</span>
<span id="faq7_31-12"><a href="#faq7_31-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;0x1p+1&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;0x1.0000000000001p+1&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Although the difference is small, any difference will result in
different hash when using the <code>digest()</code> function. However,
the <code>sha1()</code> function tackles this problem by using the
hexadecimal representation of the numbers and truncates that
representation to a certain number of digits prior to calculating the
hash function.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="faq7_31digest"><pre class="sourceCode R"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="faq7_31digest-1"><a href="#faq7_31digest-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">library</span>(digest)</span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-2"><a href="#faq7_31digest-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># different hashes with digest</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-3"><a href="#faq7_31digest-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sapply</span>(a, digest, <span class="at">algo =</span> <span class="st">&quot;sha1&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-4"><a href="#faq7_31digest-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;315a5aa84aa6cfa4f3fb4b652a596770be0365e8&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-5"><a href="#faq7_31digest-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">2</span>] <span class="st">&quot;5e3999bf79c230f7430e97d7f30070a7eff5ec92&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-6"><a href="#faq7_31digest-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># same hash with sha1 with default digits (14)</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-7"><a href="#faq7_31digest-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sapply</span>(a, sha1)</span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-8"><a href="#faq7_31digest-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;8a938d8f5fb9b8ccb6893aa1068babcc517f32d4&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-9"><a href="#faq7_31digest-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">2</span>] <span class="st">&quot;8a938d8f5fb9b8ccb6893aa1068babcc517f32d4&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-10"><a href="#faq7_31digest-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># larger digits can lead to different hashes</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-11"><a href="#faq7_31digest-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sapply</span>(a, sha1, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">15</span>)</span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-12"><a href="#faq7_31digest-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;98eb1dc9fada00b945d3ef01c77049ee5a4b7b9c&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-13"><a href="#faq7_31digest-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">2</span>] <span class="st">&quot;5a173e2445df1134908037f69ac005fbd8afee74&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-14"><a href="#faq7_31digest-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># decreasing the number of digits gives a stronger truncation</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-15"><a href="#faq7_31digest-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># the hash will change when then truncation gives a different result</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-16"><a href="#faq7_31digest-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># case where truncating gives same hexadecimal value</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-17"><a href="#faq7_31digest-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sapply</span>(a, sha1, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">13</span>)</span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-18"><a href="#faq7_31digest-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;43b3b465c975af322c85473190a9214b79b79bf6&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-19"><a href="#faq7_31digest-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">2</span>] <span class="st">&quot;43b3b465c975af322c85473190a9214b79b79bf6&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-20"><a href="#faq7_31digest-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sapply</span>(a, sha1, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-21"><a href="#faq7_31digest-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;6b537a9693c750ed535ca90527152f06e358aa3a&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-22"><a href="#faq7_31digest-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">2</span>] <span class="st">&quot;6b537a9693c750ed535ca90527152f06e358aa3a&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-23"><a href="#faq7_31digest-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># case where truncating gives different hexadecimal value</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-24"><a href="#faq7_31digest-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fu">sha1</span>(pi), <span class="fu">sha1</span>(pi, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">13</span>), <span class="fu">sha1</span>(pi, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">10</span>))</span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-25"><a href="#faq7_31digest-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;169388cf1ce60dc4e9904a22bc934c5db33d975b&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-26"><a href="#faq7_31digest-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">2</span>] <span class="st">&quot;20dc38536b6689d5f2d053f30efb09c44af78378&quot;</span></span>
<span id="faq7_31digest-27"><a href="#faq7_31digest-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">3</span>] <span class="st">&quot;3a727417bd1807af2f0148cf3de69abff32c23ec&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>The result of floating point arithematic on 32-bit and 64-bit can be
slightly different. E.g. <code>print(pi ^ 11, 22)</code> returns
<code>294204.01797389047</code> on 32-bit and
<code>294204.01797389053</code> on 64-bit. Note that only the last 2
digits are different.</p>
<table style="width:98%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 26%" />
<col style="width: 35%" />
<col style="width: 35%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">command</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">32-bit</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">64-bit</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>print(pi ^ 11, 22)</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>294204.01797389047</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>294204.01797389053</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>sprintf(&quot;%a&quot;, pi ^ 11)</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;0x1.1f4f01267bf5fp+18&quot;</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;0x1.1f4f01267bf6p+18&quot;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>digest(pi ^ 11, algo = &quot;sha1&quot;)</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;c5efc7f167df1bb402b27cf9b405d7cebfba339a&quot;</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;b61f6fea5e2a7952692cefe8bba86a00af3de713&quot;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>sha1(pi ^ 11, digits = 14)</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;5c7740500b8f78ec2354ea6af58ea69634d9b7b1&quot;</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;4f3e296b9922a7ddece2183b1478d0685609a359&quot;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>sha1(pi ^ 11, digits = 13)</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;372289f87396b0877ccb4790cf40bcb5e658cad7&quot;</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;372289f87396b0877ccb4790cf40bcb5e658cad7&quot;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>sha1(pi ^ 11, digits = 10)</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;c05965af43f9566bfb5622f335817f674abfc9e4&quot;</code></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><code>&quot;c05965af43f9566bfb5622f335817f674abfc9e4&quot;</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="choosing-digest-or-sha1">Choosing <code>digest()</code> or
<code>sha1()</code></h2>
<p>TBD</p>
<h2 id="creating-a-sha1-method-for-other-classes">Creating a sha1 method
for other classes</h2>
<h3 id="how-to">How to</h3>
<ol type="1">
<li>Identify the relevant components for the hash.</li>
<li>Determine the class of each relevant component and check if they are
handled by <code>sha1()</code>.
<ul>
<li>Write a method for each component class not yet handled by
<code>sha1</code>.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Extract the relevant components.</li>
<li>Combine the relevant components into a list. Not required in case of
a single component.</li>
<li>Apply <code>sha1()</code> on the (list of) relevant
component(s).</li>
<li>Turn this into a function with name sha1._classname_.</li>
<li>sha1._classname_ needs exactly the same arguments as
<code>sha1()</code></li>
<li>Choose sensible defaults for the arguments
<ul>
<li><code>zapsmall = 7</code> is recommended.</li>
<li><code>digits = 14</code> is recommended in case all numerics are
data.</li>
<li><code>digits = 4</code> is recommended in case some numerics stem
from floating point arithmetic.</li>
</ul></li>
</ol>
<h3 id="summary.lm">summary.lm</h3>
<p>Let’s illustrate this using the summary of a simple linear
regression. Suppose that we want a hash that takes into account the
coefficients, their standard error and sigma.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="sha1_lm_sum"><pre class="sourceCode R"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="sha1_lm_sum-1"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># taken from the help file of lm.influence</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-2"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> lm_SR <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">lm</span>(sr <span class="sc">~</span> pop15 <span class="sc">+</span> pop75 <span class="sc">+</span> dpi <span class="sc">+</span> ddpi, <span class="at">data =</span> LifeCycleSavings)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-3"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> lm_sum <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">summary</span>(lm_SR)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-4"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">class</span>(lm_sum)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-5"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;summary.lm&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-6"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># str() gives the structure of the lm object</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-7"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">str</span>(lm_sum)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-8"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>List of <span class="dv">11</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-9"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> call <span class="sc">:</span> language <span class="fu">lm</span>(<span class="at">formula =</span> sr <span class="sc">~</span> pop15 <span class="sc">+</span> pop75 <span class="sc">+</span> dpi <span class="sc">+</span> ddpi, <span class="at">data =</span> LifeCycleSavings)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-10"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> terms <span class="sc">:</span>Classes <span class="st">&#39;terms&#39;</span>, <span class="st">&#39;formula&#39;</span> language sr <span class="sc">~</span> pop15 <span class="sc">+</span> pop75 <span class="sc">+</span> dpi <span class="sc">+</span> ddpi</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-11"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;variables&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> language <span class="fu">list</span>(sr, pop15, pop75, dpi, ddpi)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-12"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;factors&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-13"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;dimnames&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span>List of <span class="dv">2</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-14"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;sr&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-15"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;ddpi&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-16"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;term.labels&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;ddpi&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-17"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;order&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-18"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;intercept&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-19"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;response&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-20"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;.Environment&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span><span class="er">&lt;</span>environment<span class="sc">:</span> R_GlobalEnv<span class="sc">&gt;</span> </span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-21"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;predvars&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> language <span class="fu">list</span>(sr, pop15, pop75, dpi, ddpi)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-22"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;dataClasses&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> Named chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-23"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;sr&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-24"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> residuals <span class="sc">:</span> Named num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="fl">0.864</span> <span class="fl">0.616</span> <span class="fl">2.219</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">0.698</span> <span class="fl">3.553</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-25"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="st">&quot;Australia&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Austria&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Belgium&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Bolivia&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-26"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> coefficients <span class="sc">:</span> num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="fl">28.566087</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">0.461193</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">1.691498</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">0.000337</span> <span class="fl">0.409695</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-27"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;dimnames&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span>List of <span class="dv">2</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-28"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;(Intercept)&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-29"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="st">&quot;Estimate&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Std. Error&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;t value&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Pr(&gt;|t|)&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-30"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> aliased <span class="sc">:</span> Named logi [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="cn">FALSE</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-31"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-31" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;(Intercept)&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-32"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-32" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> sigma <span class="sc">:</span> num <span class="fl">3.8</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-33"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-33" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> df <span class="sc">:</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">3</span>] <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="dv">45</span> <span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-34"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-34" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> r.squared <span class="sc">:</span> num <span class="fl">0.338</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-35"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-35" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> adj.r.squared<span class="sc">:</span> num <span class="fl">0.28</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-36"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-36" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> fstatistic <span class="sc">:</span> Named num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">3</span>] <span class="fl">5.76</span> <span class="dv">4</span> <span class="dv">45</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-37"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-37" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">3</span>] <span class="st">&quot;value&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numdf&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dendf&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-38"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-38" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> cov.unscaled <span class="sc">:</span> num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="fl">3.74</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">7.24e-02</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">4.46e-01</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">7.86e-05</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">1.88e-02</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-39"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-39" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;dimnames&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span>List of <span class="dv">2</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-40"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-40" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;(Intercept)&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-41"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-41" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;(Intercept)&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-42"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-42" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;class&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr <span class="st">&quot;summary.lm&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-43"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-43" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># extract the coefficients and their standard error</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-44"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-44" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> coef_sum <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">coef</span>(lm_sum)[, <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Estimate&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;Std. Error&quot;</span>)]</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-45"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-45" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># extract sigma</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-46"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-46" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> sigma <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> lm_sum<span class="sc">$</span>sigma</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-47"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-47" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># check the class of each component</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-48"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-48" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">class</span>(coef_sum)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-49"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-49" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;matrix&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;array&quot;</span> </span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-50"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-50" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">class</span>(sigma)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-51"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-51" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-52"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-52" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># sha1() has methods for both matrix and numeric</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-53"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-53" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># because the values originate from floating point arithmetic it is better to use a low number of digits</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-54"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-54" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(coef_sum, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-55"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-55" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;3f0b0c552f94d753fcc8deb4d3e9fc11a83197af&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-56"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-56" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(sigma, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-57"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-57" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;cbc83d1791ef1eeadd824ea9a038891b5889056b&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-58"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-58" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># we want a single hash</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-59"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-59" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># combining the components in a list is a solution that works</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-60"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-60" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(<span class="fu">list</span>(coef_sum, sigma), <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-61"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-61" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;476d27265365cd41662eedf059b335d38a221cc2&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-62"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-62" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># now turn everything into an S3 method</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-63"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-63" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># - a function with name &quot;sha1.classname&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-64"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-64" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># - must have the same arguments as sha1()</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-65"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-65" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> sha1.summary.lm <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(x, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">zapsmall =</span> <span class="dv">7</span>){</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-66"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-66" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> coef_sum <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">coef</span>(x)[, <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Estimate&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;Std. Error&quot;</span>)]</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-67"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-67" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> sigma <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> x<span class="sc">$</span>sigma</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-68"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-68" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> combined <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(coef_sum, sigma)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-69"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-69" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(combined, <span class="at">digits =</span> digits, <span class="at">zapsmall =</span> zapsmall)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-70"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-70" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> }</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-71"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-71" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(lm_sum)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-72"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-72" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;476d27265365cd41662eedf059b335d38a221cc2&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-73"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-73" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># try an altered dataset</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-74"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-74" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> LCS2 <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> LifeCycleSavings[<span class="fu">rownames</span>(LifeCycleSavings) <span class="sc">!=</span> <span class="st">&quot;Zambia&quot;</span>, ]</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-75"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-75" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> lm_SR2 <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">lm</span>(sr <span class="sc">~</span> pop15 <span class="sc">+</span> pop75 <span class="sc">+</span> dpi <span class="sc">+</span> ddpi, <span class="at">data =</span> LCS2)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-76"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-76" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(<span class="fu">summary</span>(lm_SR2))</span>
<span id="sha1_lm_sum-77"><a href="#sha1_lm_sum-77" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;90beb028833bf0542997fde7c3f19e5b9fdfeef4&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="lm">lm</h3>
<p>Let’s illustrate this using the summary of a simple linear
regression. Suppose that we want a hash that takes into account the
coefficients, their standard error and sigma.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="sha1_lm"><pre class="sourceCode R"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="sha1_lm-1"><a href="#sha1_lm-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">class</span>(lm_SR)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-2"><a href="#sha1_lm-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;lm&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-3"><a href="#sha1_lm-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># str() gives the structure of the lm object</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-4"><a href="#sha1_lm-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">str</span>(lm_SR)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-5"><a href="#sha1_lm-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>List of <span class="dv">12</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-6"><a href="#sha1_lm-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> coefficients <span class="sc">:</span> Named num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="fl">28.566087</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">0.461193</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">1.691498</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">0.000337</span> <span class="fl">0.409695</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-7"><a href="#sha1_lm-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;(Intercept)&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-8"><a href="#sha1_lm-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> residuals <span class="sc">:</span> Named num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="fl">0.864</span> <span class="fl">0.616</span> <span class="fl">2.219</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">0.698</span> <span class="fl">3.553</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-9"><a href="#sha1_lm-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="st">&quot;Australia&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Austria&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Belgium&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Bolivia&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-10"><a href="#sha1_lm-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> effects <span class="sc">:</span> Named num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">68.38</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">14.29</span> <span class="fl">7.3</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">3.52</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">7.94</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-11"><a href="#sha1_lm-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="st">&quot;(Intercept)&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-12"><a href="#sha1_lm-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> rank <span class="sc">:</span> int <span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-13"><a href="#sha1_lm-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> fitted.values<span class="sc">:</span> Named num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="fl">10.57</span> <span class="fl">11.45</span> <span class="fl">10.95</span> <span class="fl">6.45</span> <span class="fl">9.33</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-14"><a href="#sha1_lm-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="st">&quot;Australia&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Austria&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Belgium&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Bolivia&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-15"><a href="#sha1_lm-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> assign <span class="sc">:</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">2</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="dv">4</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-16"><a href="#sha1_lm-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> qr <span class="sc">:</span>List of <span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-17"><a href="#sha1_lm-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> qr <span class="sc">:</span> num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>, <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">7.071</span> <span class="fl">0.141</span> <span class="fl">0.141</span> <span class="fl">0.141</span> <span class="fl">0.141</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-18"><a href="#sha1_lm-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;dimnames&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span>List of <span class="dv">2</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-19"><a href="#sha1_lm-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="st">&quot;Australia&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Austria&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Belgium&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;Bolivia&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-20"><a href="#sha1_lm-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;(Intercept)&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-21"><a href="#sha1_lm-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;assign&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">2</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="dv">4</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-22"><a href="#sha1_lm-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> qraux<span class="sc">:</span> num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="fl">1.14</span> <span class="fl">1.17</span> <span class="fl">1.16</span> <span class="fl">1.15</span> <span class="fl">1.05</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-23"><a href="#sha1_lm-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> pivot<span class="sc">:</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">2</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="dv">4</span> <span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-24"><a href="#sha1_lm-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> tol <span class="sc">:</span> num <span class="fl">1e-07</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-25"><a href="#sha1_lm-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> rank <span class="sc">:</span> int <span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-26"><a href="#sha1_lm-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;class&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr <span class="st">&quot;qr&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-27"><a href="#sha1_lm-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> df.residual <span class="sc">:</span> int <span class="dv">45</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-28"><a href="#sha1_lm-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> xlevels <span class="sc">:</span> Named <span class="fu">list</span>()</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-29"><a href="#sha1_lm-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> call <span class="sc">:</span> language <span class="fu">lm</span>(<span class="at">formula =</span> sr <span class="sc">~</span> pop15 <span class="sc">+</span> pop75 <span class="sc">+</span> dpi <span class="sc">+</span> ddpi, <span class="at">data =</span> LifeCycleSavings)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-30"><a href="#sha1_lm-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> terms <span class="sc">:</span>Classes <span class="st">&#39;terms&#39;</span>, <span class="st">&#39;formula&#39;</span> language sr <span class="sc">~</span> pop15 <span class="sc">+</span> pop75 <span class="sc">+</span> dpi <span class="sc">+</span> ddpi</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-31"><a href="#sha1_lm-31" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;variables&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> language <span class="fu">list</span>(sr, pop15, pop75, dpi, ddpi)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-32"><a href="#sha1_lm-32" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;factors&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-33"><a href="#sha1_lm-33" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;dimnames&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span>List of <span class="dv">2</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-34"><a href="#sha1_lm-34" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;sr&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-35"><a href="#sha1_lm-35" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;ddpi&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-36"><a href="#sha1_lm-36" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;term.labels&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;ddpi&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-37"><a href="#sha1_lm-37" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;order&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-38"><a href="#sha1_lm-38" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;intercept&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-39"><a href="#sha1_lm-39" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;response&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-40"><a href="#sha1_lm-40" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;.Environment&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span><span class="er">&lt;</span>environment<span class="sc">:</span> R_GlobalEnv<span class="sc">&gt;</span> </span>
<span id="sha1_lm-41"><a href="#sha1_lm-41" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;predvars&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> language <span class="fu">list</span>(sr, pop15, pop75, dpi, ddpi)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-42"><a href="#sha1_lm-42" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;dataClasses&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> Named chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-43"><a href="#sha1_lm-43" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;sr&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-44"><a href="#sha1_lm-44" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">$</span> model <span class="sc">:</span><span class="st">&#39;data.frame&#39;</span><span class="sc">:</span> <span class="dv">50</span> obs. of <span class="dv">5</span> variables<span class="sc">:</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-45"><a href="#sha1_lm-45" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> sr <span class="sc">:</span> num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="fl">11.43</span> <span class="fl">12.07</span> <span class="fl">13.17</span> <span class="fl">5.75</span> <span class="fl">12.88</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-46"><a href="#sha1_lm-46" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> pop15<span class="sc">:</span> num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="fl">29.4</span> <span class="fl">23.3</span> <span class="fl">23.8</span> <span class="fl">41.9</span> <span class="fl">42.2</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-47"><a href="#sha1_lm-47" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> pop75<span class="sc">:</span> num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="fl">2.87</span> <span class="fl">4.41</span> <span class="fl">4.43</span> <span class="fl">1.67</span> <span class="fl">0.83</span> <span class="fl">2.85</span> <span class="fl">1.34</span> <span class="fl">0.67</span> <span class="fl">1.06</span> <span class="fl">1.14</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-48"><a href="#sha1_lm-48" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> dpi <span class="sc">:</span> num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="dv">2330</span> <span class="dv">1508</span> <span class="dv">2108</span> <span class="dv">189</span> <span class="dv">728</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-49"><a href="#sha1_lm-49" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">$</span> ddpi <span class="sc">:</span> num [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">50</span>] <span class="fl">2.87</span> <span class="fl">3.93</span> <span class="fl">3.82</span> <span class="fl">0.22</span> <span class="fl">4.56</span> <span class="fl">2.43</span> <span class="fl">2.67</span> <span class="fl">6.51</span> <span class="fl">3.08</span> <span class="fl">2.8</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-50"><a href="#sha1_lm-50" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;terms&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span>Classes <span class="st">&#39;terms&#39;</span>, <span class="st">&#39;formula&#39;</span> language sr <span class="sc">~</span> pop15 <span class="sc">+</span> pop75 <span class="sc">+</span> dpi <span class="sc">+</span> ddpi</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-51"><a href="#sha1_lm-51" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;variables&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> language <span class="fu">list</span>(sr, pop15, pop75, dpi, ddpi)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-52"><a href="#sha1_lm-52" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;factors&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="dv">0</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-53"><a href="#sha1_lm-53" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;dimnames&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span>List of <span class="dv">2</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-54"><a href="#sha1_lm-54" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. .. .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;sr&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-55"><a href="#sha1_lm-55" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. .. .. ..<span class="sc">$</span> <span class="er">:</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;ddpi&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-56"><a href="#sha1_lm-56" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;term.labels&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;ddpi&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-57"><a href="#sha1_lm-57" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;order&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>] <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-58"><a href="#sha1_lm-58" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;intercept&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-59"><a href="#sha1_lm-59" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;response&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> int <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-60"><a href="#sha1_lm-60" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;.Environment&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span><span class="er">&lt;</span>environment<span class="sc">:</span> R_GlobalEnv<span class="sc">&gt;</span> </span>
<span id="sha1_lm-61"><a href="#sha1_lm-61" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;predvars&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> language <span class="fu">list</span>(sr, pop15, pop75, dpi, ddpi)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-62"><a href="#sha1_lm-62" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;dataClasses&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> Named chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;numeric&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-63"><a href="#sha1_lm-63" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> .. .. .. ..<span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;names&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr [<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>] <span class="st">&quot;sr&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop15&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;pop75&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;dpi&quot;</span> ...</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-64"><a href="#sha1_lm-64" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="sc">-</span> <span class="fu">attr</span>(<span class="sc">*</span>, <span class="st">&quot;class&quot;</span>)<span class="ot">=</span> chr <span class="st">&quot;lm&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-65"><a href="#sha1_lm-65" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># extract the model and the terms</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-66"><a href="#sha1_lm-66" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> lm_model <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> lm_SR<span class="sc">$</span>model</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-67"><a href="#sha1_lm-67" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> lm_terms <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> lm_SR<span class="sc">$</span>terms</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-68"><a href="#sha1_lm-68" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># check their class</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-69"><a href="#sha1_lm-69" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">class</span>(lm_model) <span class="co"># handled by sha1()</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-70"><a href="#sha1_lm-70" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;data.frame&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-71"><a href="#sha1_lm-71" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">class</span>(lm_terms) <span class="co"># not handled by sha1()</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-72"><a href="#sha1_lm-72" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;terms&quot;</span> <span class="st">&quot;formula&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-73"><a href="#sha1_lm-73" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># define a method for formula</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-74"><a href="#sha1_lm-74" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> sha1.formula <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(x, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">14</span>, <span class="at">zapsmall =</span> <span class="dv">7</span>, ..., <span class="at">algo =</span> <span class="st">&quot;sha1&quot;</span>){</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-75"><a href="#sha1_lm-75" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(<span class="fu">as.character</span>(x), <span class="at">digits =</span> digits, <span class="at">zapsmall =</span> zapsmall, <span class="at">algo =</span> algo)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-76"><a href="#sha1_lm-76" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> }</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-77"><a href="#sha1_lm-77" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(lm_terms)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-78"><a href="#sha1_lm-78" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;2737d209720aa7d1c0555050ad06ebe89f3850cd&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-79"><a href="#sha1_lm-79" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(lm_model)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-80"><a href="#sha1_lm-80" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;27b7dd9e3e09b9577da6947b8473b63a1d0b6eb4&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-81"><a href="#sha1_lm-81" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="co"># define a method for lm</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-82"><a href="#sha1_lm-82" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">&gt;</span> sha1.lm <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(x, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">14</span>, <span class="at">zapsmall =</span> <span class="dv">7</span>, ..., <span class="at">algo =</span> <span class="st">&quot;sha1&quot;</span>){</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-83"><a href="#sha1_lm-83" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> lm_model <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> x<span class="sc">$</span>model</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-84"><a href="#sha1_lm-84" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> lm_terms <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> x<span class="sc">$</span>terms</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-85"><a href="#sha1_lm-85" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> combined <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(lm_model, lm_terms)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-86"><a href="#sha1_lm-86" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(combined, <span class="at">digits =</span> digits, <span class="at">zapsmall =</span> zapsmall, ..., <span class="at">algo =</span> algo)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-87"><a href="#sha1_lm-87" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">+</span> }</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-88"><a href="#sha1_lm-88" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(lm_SR)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-89"><a href="#sha1_lm-89" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;7eda2a9d58e458c8e782e40ce140d62b836b2a2f&quot;</span></span>
<span id="sha1_lm-90"><a href="#sha1_lm-90" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="fu">sha1</span>(lm_SR2)</span>
<span id="sha1_lm-91"><a href="#sha1_lm-91" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="st">&quot;4d3abdb1f17bd12fdf9d9b91a2ad04c07824fe4a&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="using-hashes-to-track-changes-in-analysis">Using hashes to track
changes in analysis</h2>
<p>Use case</p>
<ul>
<li><p>automated analysis</p></li>
<li><p>update frequency of the data might be lower than the frequency of
automated analysis</p></li>
<li><p>similar analyses on many datasets (e.g. many species in
ecology)</p></li>
<li><p>analyses that require a lot of computing time</p>
<ul>
<li>not rerunning an analysis because nothing has changed saves enough
resources to compensate the overhead of tracking changes</li>
</ul></li>
<li><p>Bundle all relevant information on an analysis in a class</p>
<ul>
<li>data</li>
<li>method</li>
<li>formula</li>
<li>other metadata</li>
<li>resulting model</li>
</ul></li>
<li><p>calculate <code>sha1()</code></p>
<p>file fingerprint ~ <code>sha1()</code> on the stable parts</p>
<p>status fingerprint ~ <code>sha1()</code> on the parts that result for
the model</p></li>
</ul>
<ol type="1">
<li>Prepare analysis objects</li>
<li>Store each analysis object in a rda file which uses the file
fingerprint as filename
<ul>
<li>File will already exist when no change in analysis</li>
<li>Don’t overwrite existing files</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Loop over all rda files
<ul>
<li>Do nothing if the analysis was run</li>
<li>Otherwise run the analysis and update the status and status
fingerprint</li>
</ul></li>
</ol>
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